Which layer of the TCP/IP model is closest to the user?

The Application Layer is indeed closest to the user in the TCP/IP model. This layer is responsible for providing network services directly to end-user applications. It facilitates user interaction with the underlying network and enables applications to communicate over the network, effectively serving as the interface between the user and the network services.

In this layer, protocols such as HTTP (for web browsing), FTP (for file transfers), and SMTP (for email sending) operate to allow users to perform various tasks through different applications. By being at the top of the TCP/IP model, it ensures that users can access and utilize the network functionalities effectively.

The other layers, such as the Transport, Network, and Session Layers, while crucial for data transmission and management, operate behind the scenes, handling the details of data transfer, addressing, and session management. They do not interact with users directly, which is why the Application Layer is considered the most user-centric layer in the TCP/IP model.